Critical Analysis of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge Ess

Critical Analysis of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spearheaded a philosophical writing movement in England in the late 18th and early 19th century. Although Wordsworth and S.T. Coleridge are often considered the fathers of the English Romantic movement, their collective theologies and philosophies were often criticized but rarely taken serious by the pair of writers due to their illustrious prestige as poets. The combined effort in the Lyrical Ballads catapulted their names into the mainstream of writers in 1798 and with this work; they solidified their place in English literature. Although, most people fail to note that the majority of Coleridge's and Wordsworth's work was him simply bending and breaking particular rules of poetry that were in place during his time and in order to fully understand his work, one must fully understand his views of poetry itself. Wordsworth was often arrogant in response to negative criticism, in this case, there was his response to Sara Hutchinson's comments on his work, 'the Leechgatherer': "I am exceedingly sorry that the latter part of the Leechgatherer has displeased you, the more so because I cannot take to myself (that being the case) much pleasure or satisfaction in having pleased you in the former part" (Hanley). This particular scolding by Wordsworth clearly shows how important it was to him that the criticism only came from someone whom he greatly respected. Her letter to Wordsworth has since been lost but in my estimation, Hutchinson?s comments could not have been all that degrading, just merely perpendicular to what Wordsworth thought of his own work. There were two particular events that helped to give William a newfound sense of direction in his work and career. In January of 1795, a close friend of William died and in his will, he granted Wordsworth a legacy of 900 pounds; this money helped him to devote more time to his poetry. That same August, he met S.T. Coleridge and they quickly became close friends. In July of 1797, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxden House, which was only a few miles from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Speaking of Coleridge, himself and Dorothy, Wordsworth said, "we were three persons with one soul" (Hanley). Each day, Wordsworth and Coleridge would work on their poetry, discuss their ideas o... ...dly had a profound effect on poetry during their celebrated writing careers. They took a new direction to poetry, which in short, brought it to the mainstream. In this regard, they opened the door to poetry for many people who had never been exposed to it. The Romantic ?Revolution? sparked numerous writings and forever changed the way poetry was written. In essence, what Wordsworth and Coleridge did was make poetry more about himself or herself rather than the epic style of Dante or Homer. They wrote about what they knew best, their own personal experiences. Works Cited Bennett, Andrew. ?Wordsworth Writing. (Critical Essay).? Wordsworth Circle, Winter 2003 v34 i1 p3 (6). April 15, 2004 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. November 4, 1995. University of Oregon. April 17, 2004 Fulford, Tim. ?Apocalyptic economics and prophetic politics: radical and romantic responses to Malthius and Burke.? Studies of Romanticism, Fall 2001 v40 i3 p345(25). April 15, 2004 Hanley, Keith. ??Things of which I need not speak?: between the domestic and the public in Wordsworth?s poetry.? Wordsworth Circle, Winter 2003 v34 i1 p39(5). April 16, 2004

American International Competitiveness

Since the beginning of the 1970s, the United States has experienced a virtual trade revolution. Trade has increased much faster than the economy as a whole. Both imports and exports expanded during the past 15 years. In the late 1970s, imports started outstripping exports by historically large margins. A merchandise trade deficit has been present every year since 1976. Moreover, this deficit has increased dramatically in the 1980s. What economic changes underlie the shift in U. S. competitiveness evidenced by the recent trade deficits?While economists who have addressed this question have employed different approaches, most have examined changes in macroeconomic variables to see if they generated the economic pressures that led to the recent trade deficits. Economists who have employed this approach have generally concluded that macroeconomic changes probably are the cause of the recent deficits. Although macroeconomic theory suggests that trade deficits may be associated with a wide variety of factors, two events in the late 1970s and early 1980s have received particular attention: the rise in U. S.aggregate demand relative to foreign aggregate demand and the increase in U. S. interest rates relative to foreign interest rates. Both may have been spurred by the U. S. government's budget deficit. The excess of spending over income provided a powerful expansionary fiscal policy while higher interest rates had to be used to attract foreign and domestic investors to finance the growth in debt. A relative increase in aggregate demand, whatever its source, is expected to lead to a trade deficit because a country's demand for imports is positively associated with the level of its aggregate demand.In this instance, the theory predicts that U. S. demand for imports will rise relative to foreign demand for U. S. exports as U. S. aggregate demand grows relative to foreign aggregate demand. A relative increase in U. S. interest rates can also lead to trade deficits by incr easing foreign demand for U. S. financial assets. The link between financial flows that respond to interest rate changes and trade deficits is evident in standard balance of payments accounting relationships.The accounting relationships used in defining trade deficits require that a nation's current account (comprised of the merchandise trade balance, the balance of trade on services, and net unilateral transfers) equals in size, but with opposite sign, the capital account. In other words, if there are capital inflows, then there must be a trade deficit. Given this accounting relationship, the inflow of foreign capital that is attracted by relatively high U. S. interest rates must lead to a trade deficit to satisfy the fundamental accounting identities that underlie balance of payments accounting (McCulloch, 1978).While explanations of recent trade deficits that are based on fundamental macroeconomic relationships are attractive to economists, many commentators have advanced alterna tive explanations that are rooted in microeconomic relationships. These commentators believe that the microeconomic characteristics have changed in ways that explain the relatively sudden substantial increases in imports and net imports. In addition, public opinion, for one reason or another, has not fully accepted the power of the macroeconomic explanations for the trade deficits.We shall therefore investigate these explanations that have been offered by various sources. The logical connections between these microeconomic changes and trade deficits have not been clearly drawn. In particular, supporters of these microeconomic-based hypotheses have ignored the fact that (absent macroeconomic adjustments) changes in the exchange rate could compensate for shifts in microeconomic relationships, leaving trade flows in balance (Tarr, 1985). While the link between alleged microeconomic changes and trade deficits is unclear, empirical analysis of the microeconomic explanations can still be very useful.Specifically, if we find that the alleged microeconomic changes in the structure of trade have not occurred, then we will be in a position to reject the microeconomic explanations directly. For advocates of the microeconomic explanations, this approach may be more convincing than one that evaluates the microeconomic explanations indirectly through the use of general equilibrium or macroeconomic models. The microeconomic explanations have focused on identifying three types of microeconomic changes. First, there may be technological changes that alter trade flows.For example, changes in an industry's technology may alter factor intensities so that particular inputs are less important to successful international competition. Second, policy changes may alter trade flows through their effect on the openness of U. S. or other economies or through their effect on the relative cost structure of U. S. manufacturers. Changes in tariff, quotas, or government subsidies clearly can h ave this effect, but other government policies may also be important. Third, the availability of needed inputs may change so that the competitive position of U.S. firms is altered. For example, when abundant mineral resources continue to be key for production, the U. S. position will change as the United States exhausts its relative supply of these needed resources. According to some commentators, any or all of these types of microeconomic changes might lead to growth in the manufacturing trade deficit. As a result, they have received substantial public attention. If changes in microeconomic factors are the source of recent trade deficits, we should observe a recent and major shift in the pattern of U. S.trade, since some industries will be more sensitive to changes in particular microeconomic factors than other industries or experience bigger changes in these factors. For instance, if relative U. S. wage rates have become more important in international competition, we should obser ve a particularly large rise in net imports in industries that employ relatively large amounts of high-cost labor or have experienced particularly large increases in labor costs. In contrast, if macroeconomic variables underlie the recent deficits, this type of structural shift in trade flows is less likely to be present (Drucker, 1985).As a result, we can reject many of the microeconomic explanations of recent trade deficits that have been advanced if we observe that economic relationships that traditionally have advantaged some industries over others in international trade have been stable and that key industry characteristics, such as labor intensity, have also been stable. In the case of U. S. wage rates, if the relationship between wage rates and imports has not changed over time, and U. S. wage rates relative to those in other countries have not changed significantly, then wage rates are unlikely to have contributed to the increased trade deficit.Of course, if we do find that the alleged microeconomic changes have occurred, the growth in the trade deficit can not be attributed to them unless logical causal relationships can be identified that are consistent with international trade accounting identities. Factors associated with U. S. competitiveness in trade appear to have been relatively stable throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. Manufacturing operations located in the States retain their traditional competitive advantage in production that requires sophisticated know-how and continue to experience a competitive disadvantage in production that uses unskilled labour intensively.Moreover, it appears that, to the extent change has occurred, these relationships have strengthened over time (Marston 1986). Yet, as others have pointed out, the competitive performance of many U. S. industries appears to have declined (Landau and Rosenberg, 1986). Can these two observations be consistent? The competitive performance of U. S. industries can decline because of c hanges that do not affect the relationships between trade flows and the industry characteristics. First, the characteristics of particular industries, such as their factor intensities, may have changed so that net imports increased.The higher unionization is associated with more imports, thus if unionization increased and this relationship remained stable, then unionization could be one cause of increased imports. Shifts in the relative competitiveness of an individual industry may reflect adjustments in the characteristics of the industry, within the context of stable comparative advantage relationships. For example, if strong R&D efforts are associated with strong exports, but industries reduce their R&D expenditures, export performance would be expected to decline even though the relationship between exports and R&D was stable.Put slightly differently, when relative factor abundancies are stable, changes in industrial input requirements will be reflected in shifts in the trade ba lance of particular U. S. industries. The rankings of industries with respect to their trade flows have been quite stable. While there have been some shifts in position during the last decade, statistical tests indicate that the shifting has not been substantial. The rank order of manufacturing industries by the level of net imports in 1975 is highly correlated with the rank order that existed in 1984.Industry characteristics available in time series have also been quite stable. The values for industry characteristics in 1975 are highly correlated with their values in 1981. Moreover, the changes in mean values for these variables are relatively small, especially for the variables that are most directly related to the seven proposed explanations of the trade deficits that we analyze. The variables available in time series include the primary variables used in traditional trade models. Simple macroeconomic relationships suggest that the rise in the trade deficit is likely to be associ ated with changes in macroeconomic variables.If this is true, then one would expect that many industries experienced a rise in their trade deficits (Benvignati, 1985). Consistent with this prediction, nearly all U. S. industries experienced declining international competitiveness to some degree between 1981 and 1984. In addition to this general confirmation of the macroeconomic explanations for trade deficits, there is direct support for the view that recent inflows of foreign capital, attracted by relatively high U. S. interest rates, and increases in U. S.aggregate demand relative to foreign aggregate demand are responsible for recent trade deficits. Specifically, exchange rates rose during the period studied and this led to an increase in net imports, as the macroeconomic theory of international financial flows predicts. Also there appears to be a positive association between recent increases in relative U. S. aggregate demand and net imports, as the aggregate demand theory sugge sts. According to the macroeconomic theory of international financial flows, higher U. S. interest rates will attract foreign capital. Since U. S.financial assets are denominated in dollars, this will lead to an increase in the demand for dollars. Because increases in the value of the dollar make U. S. goods more expensive relative to foreign goods, there will be a reduction in the international competitiveness of U. S. manufacturers. This decrease in competitiveness is expected to be reflected in higher net imports, causing the trade deficit to equal the surplus on the capital account. There is empirical support for this argument. U. S. industries appear to have been under severe competitive pressure because of the relatively high value of the dollar.For example, in the automobile industry, it has been argued that about $700 of the roughly $2,000 cost disadvantage of U. S. automobile manufacturers in 1983 was due to the unusually high exchange rate (Detroit Battle, 1983). Similarly , in steel, machine tools, textiles, and many other industries, analysts have pointed to exchange rates as an important source of the U. S. competitive disadvantage. As a result, it is not too surprising that the increase in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985 was associated with a decline in the U. S. trade balance.While the adverse effect of the increased value of the dollar on the competitive position of U. S. industries seems to have been quite widespread, the effect has been larger in some industries than others. In particular, it appears likely that the effect will be largest for products where the demand for U. S. exports and imports was quite elastic, since these products are most sensitive to changes in relative prices. For example, estimates of price elasticities by Baldwin (1976) indicate that these elasticities are particularly large (between 3. 20 and 4.4) in the case of metal working machinery and office/computing machines. According to macroeconomic theory, imports are likely to vary positively with the level of aggregate demand, other things being equal. Specifically, as U. S. incomes rise, the U. S. demand for imports is likely to rise. Moreover, if U. S. incomes rise relative to foreign incomes, the U. S. demand for imports should rise relative to the foreign demand for U. S. exports. As a result, macroeconomic theory predicts that, during these periods, U. S. demand for imports will rise relative to foreign demand for U. S.exports and growing trade deficits are more likely. At the end of 1982, the U. S. balance of payments deficit appears to have been reduced by aggregate demand effects, since the U. S. demand was falling relative to foreign demand. However, in 1983 and 1984 the U. S. economy grew relative to the economies of its trading partners (Economic Report of the President 1986). The relatively strong U. S. recovery and the general worldwide recession were associated with a sharp rise in the U. S. trade deficit (Economic Rep ort of the President 1985). There is no conflict between the observation that U.S. trade deficits have risen and the finding that U. S. comparative advantage relationships have been relatively stable over the last decade. Evidently, there have been shifts in macroeconomic variables that have increased the level of imports in most industries, without shifting trade patterns across industries significantly. While other types of changes, such as shifts in omitted microeconomic variables or changes in the magnitudes of included variables, would also make the two observations consistent, these alternative explanations are not nearly as important.Moreover, simple macroeconomic theories and available empirical evidence suggest strongly that macroeconomic forces underlie the growth of recent trade deficits. Changes in most microeconomic variables have either been gradual or narrowly focused. As a result, they are unlikely to generate the large trade deficits that are observed. Only the chan ges in international capital flows (with associated changes in exchange rates) and, for part of the period, changes in the relative levels of aggregate demand, have been large enough and sharp enough to explain the sudden rise in net imports. The growth of direct foreign investment by U.S. firms during the last decade reflects, in part, the exploitation of their advanced technological and organizational know-how. This stability in the fundamental comparative advantage relationships is inconsistent with widely held views linking microeconomic changes to the growth in the trade deficit during the 1980s. Macroeconomic models provide explanations that are much more consistent with empirical observations. We conclude, as have macroeconomists, that changes in macroeconomic factors, rather than any of the many microeconomic explanations that have been advanced, underlie recent U.S. trade deficits. The comparative advantage structure that determines a country's trade patterns changes only s lowly. For the United States, comparative advantage forces have meant, and still mean, that the country is a net importer of commodities that are efficiently produced with relatively large amounts of unskilled labour and a net exporter of commodities that require the relatively intensive use of skilled labour. These basic relationships have not changed significantly during the 1970s or early 1980s.Similarly, the United States continues to be disadvantaged in industries that are energy-intensive, use depleting natural resources, or are heavily unionized. Higher minimum efficient scale requirements and higher R&D intensity continue to be associated with both higher imports and higher exports. Only weak relationships exist between capital intensity or industry concentration and the strength of the U. S. trade position. The relationships between industry characteristics and trade flows are evident despite the presence of tariff and nontariff barriers and other government trade policies. Moreover, the effects of trade policies appear to be weak relative to the economic forces that result from differences in comparative advantage. Nonetheless, trade policies do have identifiable effects. As one would expect, U. S. tariff and nontariff barriers are associated with lower net import levels. However, the statistical findings for foreign trade barriers are less clear. We attribute this to the fact that U. S. exporters face different trade barriers in different countries. It may be the case that strong U. S.exports continue in many countries although these exports face substantial barriers in other countries. In addition, foreign trade barriers and industrial targeting efforts may arise as a reaction to U. S. export successes, yet not be strong enough to make a substantial reduction in U. S. exports in foreign markets generally. Analyses of U. S. imports and exports test the competitiveness of the States as a geographical unit. However, these analyses do not capture fully the competitiveness of U. S. -controlled firms, since many U. S.firms are multinationals. To measure the competitiveness of U. S. -controlled firms, output manufactured abroad using U. S. know-how must be considered (Marston, 1986). Similarly, U. S. output must be adjusted for output produced by foreign-controlled multinationals in the United States. To a large extent, the additional perspective offered by the analysis of the adjusted trade flow data simply confirms the findings based on the unadjusted data. The United States remains relatively strong in the same industries where it was strong in the previous decade.However, when the trade flow data are adjusted to reflect the presence of multinational corporations, some structural changes in trade patterns become evident. Basically, these changes evidence a strengthening of the relationships that have traditionally shaped U. S. trade flows. Apparently U. S. firms have increasingly exploited their more mobile competitive strengths b y investing abroad. There is some evidence that this effort has been undertaken to overcome historical comparative disadvantages associated with producing in the States.Most notably, there is some evidence that this foreign investment is increasingly prominent in industries that are heavily unionized. Together, the analyses of adjusted and unadjusted trade flow data indicate that U. S. firms are not losing their relative competitive strengths. The adjusted data suggest that some changes are occurring in international direct investment, but these changes have not been echoed in changes in the composition of U. S. net imports. The gradual nature of any changes that are occurring highlights the basic stability of the structure of U. S. trade flows.The structural stability that we observe is consistent with the view that shifts in microeconomic relationships are not an important source of recent trade deficits. Absent evidence of changes, there is no reason to believe that these potenti al microeconomic issues contend with macroeconomic factors as the real explanations for the large observed increases in the U. S. trade deficit. Turning to the first two microeconomic explanations (high labor cost explanation and union work rule explanation), traditional relationships between labor market variables and trade patterns still hold.The United States continues to be at a comparative disadvantage in labor-intensive industries. To the extent there has been change, it has been gradual and statistically insignificant. Moreover, the United States appears to be doing well, and has slightly improved its performance, in high-wage industries. Evidently, the advantage continues in industries where human capital is important. While union activities have affected the structure of U. S. manufacturing industries, this impact has been different from that suggested in the second explanation.No change in the relationship between unionization and U. S. trade flows has taken place. However , various studies do suggest that multinational corporations in unionized industries have shifted larger and larger shares of their output overseas. Apparently, this direct investment has added to U. S. -controlled output, rather than entirely substituting for exports from unionized industries located in the States. The third and fourth explanations (foreign government trade practices explanation and OPEC cartel explanation) involve actions taken by foreign governments.Foreign governments do not appear to have uniformly targeted â€Å"U. S. industries†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, industries where the United States has had a competitive advantage. While foreign government interventions are evident, these efforts vary from country to country and do not appear to have a significant effect on overall U. S. trade patterns. This does not mean that particular foreign tariffs, nontariff barriers, or targeting subsidies could not disrupt natural trade flows. However, it does mean that currently t hese effects are limited among our major trading partners (Maskus 1981).Actions by foreign governments that may have supported OPEC's efforts to raise energy prices did not significantly alter the structure of U. S. manufacturing trade, as the fourth proposition contends. The increases in world energy prices during the 1970s were dramatic and clearly had a significant effect on the overall balance of payments. However, only when trade flows are adjusted to recognize the presence of multinationals is there a significant change in the comparative advantage structure across manufacturing industries. Turning to the fifth microeconomic explanation (declining R&D explanation), U. S.firms have not lost their comparative advantage in R&D-intensive products. While U. S. imports of high-technology products have increased over time, so have exports. Moreover, the overall structural relationships that determine U. S. comparative advantages with respect to R&D do not appear to have changed signi ficantly. To the extent change is evident; it appears that the growth of U. S. multinational firms has allowed them to exploit their comparative advantages in high technology through their foreign affiliates. The remaining explanations (inadequate investment explanation and antitrust explanation) involve policies of the U.S. government. According to these two explanations, high taxes on capital formation and overly aggressive antitrust enforcement efforts have undermined the competitiveness of U. S. firms. The notion that relatively high taxes on capital, and resulting lower U. S. investment rates, have led to a growing U. S. disadvantage in capital-intensive industries is not confirmed by the statistical tests. While some earlier studies using 1958 to 1976 data found that the United States had a growing comparative disadvantage in capital-intensive industries, this trend did not continue in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Maskus 1981).The United States was a strong exporter in indu stries where economies of scale (MES) are important. Moreover, we did not find substantial advantages of concentration beyond the levels associated with these plant- level scale economies. There also was no sign of significant changes in the comparative advantage relationships with respect to scalerelated or concentration-related variables. Conclusion Given the stability of U. S. comparative advantage relationships over time, why has the U. S. trade deficit increased by so much?For some industries, the rise in net imports may simply reflect the fact that the characteristics of the industry have changed, so U. S. firms no longer have a comparative advantage. In particular, when the know-how needed to produce a commodity becomes standardized and cheap labour becomes a relatively more important input, we should expect that U. S. manufacturers will lose share to foreign manufacturers. As is suggested by simple macroeconomic models, much of the rise in net imports appears to be attributa ble to macroeconomic forces that have more than offset the advantages that U.S. firms have traditionally had in some industries. In fact, most industries have experienced increased levels of imports, suggesting that economy-wide changes underlie the problem. Examination of macroeconomic variables that could produce this type of shift in trade flows confirms that the rise in interest rates with the associated increase in the value of the dollar and, during some recent periods, the relatively rapid growth of U. S. aggregate demand appear to have stimulated net imports generally.Generally, there has been relatively little shifting in either comparative advantage relationships or in industry characteristics that affect imports and exports. Indeed, the growth in direct foreign investment, which appears to support the most dramatic changes that have occurred, has been associated with the exploitation of traditional U. S. advantages. Moreover, the shift in the overall position of the Unite d States relative to its trading partners has been fairly general, which is consistent with the argument that individual microeconomic explanations are unlikely to explain much of the recent rise in U.S. trade deficits. Given this finding, it is probable that the U. S. recent loss in competitive position is largely attributable to macroeconomic forces. In particular, it appears likely that changes in relative interest rates and levels of aggregate demand best explain most of the recent increases in the U. S. trade deficit. Both of these may be related to large increases in the government's budget deficit. The rise in trade deficits during the 1970s and 1980s led to substantial concern about the competitiveness of U. S. firms.Many of the microeconomic explanations that have been advanced to explain the recent deficits do not appear to be supported by available empirical evidence. Because these microeconomic explanations do not explain the recent trade deficits, policy prescriptions b ased on shifting microeconomic variables are a poor bet to change trade flows fundamentally. In particular, wage restrictions, trade restrictions, subsidization programs, and policies that promote market concentration are unlikely to alter the trade deficit substantially. Indeed, efforts to implement these policies are likely to hurt U. S.competitiveness, as interest groups attach riders to legislation that promotes their special interests at the expense of the broader economy. Focusing the public debate on microeconomic factors rather than macroeconomic factors seems to be, at best, ill-advised. It tends to distract the public from the real, difficult issues of government deficits, international investment, and economic growth. More likely, it provides a convenient cloak in which to wrap the costly protections so fervently sought by special interest groups that ultimately increase costs, retard productivity growth, and harm consumers.Since the strategic use of trade policies can di sadvantage one country at the expense of another, it is better to view findings as indicating that care must be taken in responding to recent trade deficits. Specifically, policy makers must be careful that they are not so caught up in the dramatic deficits that they accede to special interest groups that have inappropriately linked their troubles to those of the economy as a whole (Krugman, 1986). History provides very little reason to believe that such objectivity is possible in trade policy. Failure to exercise caution has its risks.Not only can the improper protectionist policies cause sizeable immediate losses, but they may also lead to longer term losses as well. For example, it may be short-sighted to impose import restraints on products that are key inputs into subsequent production activities, since this can have adverse effects on domestic producers that use these inputs. Indeed, protectionist policies of this type may have long-run adverse effects on the protected industr y, since potential customers may choose to locate abroad and, as a result, not be well-positioned to purchase the input from U. S.suppliers even after protection is no longer necessary. In addition, poorly designed protectionist efforts can trigger trade wars, as foreign governments retaliate to unjustifiable U. S. trade restraints. Indeed, the threat of spiraling beggar-thy-neighbor policies continues to be a key reason for supporting free trade, even in a world that offers strategic opportunities. Reference: â€Å"Detroit Battle: The Cost Gap,† New York Times, May 28, 1983, pp. 35, 37. Baldwin R. , U. S. Tariff Policy: Formation and Effects,† study prepared for the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U. S.Department of Labor, June 1976. Benvignati A. , â€Å"The Commodity Composition of U. S. Intra-firm Exports,† FTC, unpublished, 1985. Drucker P. , â€Å"Where Union Flexibility's Now a Must,† Wall Street Journal, September 23, 1985, p. 30. Economic R eport of the President, U. S. Council of Economic Advisers. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Government Printing Office, annual editions from 1972 to 1987. Landau R. , and N. Rosenberg (eds. ), The Positive Sum Strategy, Washington, D. C. : National Academy Press, 1986. Landau R. , and N. Rosenberg (eds. ), The Positive Sum Strategy, Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1986. Marston R. , â€Å"Assessing Japanese Competitiveness,† NBER Reporter, Winter 1986/ 1987, pp. 12-16. Maskus K. , The Changing Structure of Comparative Advantage in American Manufacturing, Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1981. McCulloch R. , â€Å"Research and Development as a Determinant of U. S. International Competitiveness,† Harvard Economic Research Discussion Paper 609, March 1978. Tarr D. , â€Å"Trade Deficits, Trade Policy and the Value of the Dollar,† paper for conference, Trade Policy: Free or Fair? , November 19, 1985.

The Definition Of Risk Management - 1773 Words

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Corporate Controllers Are Responsible For The Accounting

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The Effects Of Alcoholism On The American Society - 898 Words

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Best Types Of Packaging For Freezing Food â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Best Types Of Packaging For Freezing Food? Answer: Introduction As people are busy in their workplace, they do not have sufficient time to prepare a healthy meal daily. To prepare food faster, there are lot of options available in the world. Though placing the orders for food items is a faster way to get food easily, cooking the preserved food items is another way which is acceptable by most of the people. But, other perspective though it saves cooking time, it does not help to lead a healthy life. As the technology is advancing in all the fields, the frozen technology is also becoming a greater method and technique that is in demand ("Frozen foods: Healthy or unhealthy? | Latest News Updates at Daily News Analysis", 2017). In point of view, the health properties of the frozen meals such as meats, desserts, parathas and fries are questionable. Because, the ingredients in the frozen food are not same as fresh food items. It has dangerous fats, hydrogenated palm oil and huge amount of sodium content. According to the statement of the researchers and nutritionists, the frozen food dont have proteins and nutrition as in the freshly prepared meals ("Yes, frozen food IS nutritious, experts insist", 2017). Hence, it is a major concern for analyzing the pros and cons of the frozen food items, which can be knowledgeable for the people and benefit them. Objective The main objective of this project is to research about the frozen food items and then the need to provide an informed critique. The infrastructure that supports the food product to be acceptable will be analyzed. The fitness quotient of frozen food and how well it provides convenience to the people will be discussed. The health issues and limitations related to the frozen food items will be analyzed and studied, to know how this product is better and efficient. The requirement specification and technologies used for preparing the frozen food items will be provided in detail. The decision will be taken according to the analysis of critique on the frozen meals. Frozen Meals The frozen food is a type of food that is freezed for preserving its nutrients with a special technique. The frozen foods are basically packed in containers. Frozen foods includes chicken, pizzas, vegetables and much more. Some frozen foods does not require preservatives. To preserve the frozen foods, two processes like cryogenic and mechanical processes are used. The mechanical process of freezing the food is very important in preserving the frozen foods texture and quality. It maintains the cellular structure. The cryogenic process of freezing the food is the easy freezing technology ("Frozen vs. Fresh? Which Vegetables Are Best", 2017). The frozen products does not require any preservatives, because it consists of microorganisms. The microorganisms does not grow the food temperature. The basic temperature of frozen food is -9.5 degree celsius and it is useful for preventing the food spoilage. The Frozen food product uses carboxyl methylcellulose, because it has odorless and tasteless stabilizers. Moreover, it does not reduce the quality of the frozen food. The frozen food uses some freezing technology in the frozen food market. It provides faster development and efficient. One of the freezing technology is mechanical freezers. It is basically used in food industry. Function of mechanical freezer is circulating the refrigerant heat from the food product and the heat is transmitted into air. Refrigerant contains high pressure and it is directly linked to an evaporator. Another freezing technology is cryogenic freezers. It is the recent development in the food industry and it is used by the leading food manufacturers. It uses low temperature gases such as solid carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen. These gases are directly applied to the frozen food product (Foods, 2017). The frozen food packaging is maintained by the machines like thawing, freezing, storage, filling, cooking and transportation. Most of the frozen foods are cooked by using the microwave oven. For packaging of the frozen foods, various options like pouches, carton, bags, boil in bags, pans, plastics and boxes are used. It helps in extending the shelf life of the food and maintains the safety of frozen food. The frozen food contains high calories and high fat. Hence, it increases heart diseases and cancer. Some frozen foods provide good healthy life like frozen fruits and vegetables. Freshly Prepared Meal The freshly prepared food is home-made food and it gives long shelf-life. It saves time and health. It avoids the food sensitivities and allergies. The freshly prepared foods are basically much cheaper compared to frozen foods. The frozen foods contain high sugar, fat and salt. But, fresh prepared foods contain low sugar, salt and fat because, the cook is aware of how much amount goes in their recipe (Erin Coleman, 2017). The freshly prepared foods contain high nutrients, hydration, enzymes and healthy fats. The fresh meals generally provide large quantities of fruits and vegetables, which has large amount of water content and it is important for cellular health. The fresh foods are prepared by using the enzymes and it is helpful for nutrient absorption while digestion ("Why fresh food is better than frozen", 2017). Analyze Nowadays, people are demanding running for quick fixes for all situations. It is also applicable for cooking process. They dont have much time to make nutritional food. Most of the working people like the concept of frozen foods, fruits and vegetables. Because, it is quick and convenient to prepare ("Myth or Fact: Fresh Produce Is More Nutritious Than Frozen Produce / Nutrition / Healthy Eating", 2017). Fitness and Health Issues The frozen foods are processed foods. Because it is stored at lower temperature. In order to increase the shelf-life of the frozen food and suppresses from decomposition. Thus, this type of processed foods are unhealthy for the human body. These frozen foods introduces fat, sugar and causes health risks to people. However, it also decreases its nutritional value and hence it is unhealthy. By using frozen food, many health issues are attracted to the human body, such as heart disease, cancer and even it destroys and damages the cells of the human body (sudipa Seaman, 2017). Diabetics The frozen foods are always fresh because, it is processed by using the starch. This starch is included for the food to achieve the taste and maintain structure of the food. It is generally called as glucose. Basically, the human body can convert glucose into sugar before the digestion process completes. So glucose is very important for human body. Often excess amount of glucose causes many health issues. It introduces damage to human tissues (C C, 2017). Heart Disease This is the most important health issue related to frozen foods. It mainly generates trans-fats to the body, which gives results in heart disease. Some frozen food contain more amount of salt, which can increase the human cholesterol levels along with the blood pressure. Blood Pressure These foods have more amount of preservatives that may impact of the peoples health leading to critical situation. Because, this food contains more salt and sugar so this leads to blood pressure negatively, such as hypertension. Therefore, these are the major side effects of this frozen food consumption. It looks like delicious and convenient to the cook. All of these factors make the frozen food more risky for the human body ("What is "Fresh Frozen" Food? - CulinaryLore.com", 2017). Negative Side of Frozen Meals The frozen meals can be convenient but, it has poor nutrition. The Negative sides of Frozen foods are listed below: Calories and Fat The frozen foods contain high fat leading to high calories. For example, one cup of frozen chicken contains more than 600 calories, so it has very high fat content (K, 2017). Diet-Unfriendly Fare The diet frozen foods are helpful for proper nutrition and weight loss. The diet conscious people must use less than 300 calories per day, as suggested by Dietitian Karen Collins (Karen Collins, 2017). The reports state that it contains less nutritional balance. Choosing Wisely The frozen foods are not off-limits, so it requires regular check of nutrition levels, as suggested by the American diabetes association. Thus, choose frozen foods with less than 400 calories and use less saturated fat. Because, it leads to heart disease. Sodium Overload The frozen foods contain very high sodium, which can cause blood pressure and it is linked to stroke and heart disease. Thus, use less than 2000 milligram of sodium per day as suggested by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. Limitations Avoiding the cheese sauce based frozen foods because it consists of high fat and calories. To carefully check the frozen food labels ("Frozen Foods: How Healthy are they?", 2017). The frozen meals are mostly vegetarian. It consists of high fat, calories and cholesterol contents. It provides detailed and correct nutritional information. The frozen foods contain time limits like the poultry has 6 to 9 months, vegetables has 8 to 12 months, ground meat has 3 to 4 months, processed or cured meat has 1 to 2 months and fish has 3 to 6 months ("Time Limits for Frozen Food", 2017). Sometimes cooking time will be increased for baking and thawing. Lacks freshness in vegetables and fruits. Packaging Type and Disposal- Frozen Meal The modern frozen food packaging uses several methods for quick freezing. It is packaged using various materials and advanced technologies. The types of frozen food packaging are: Plastics Boxes Zip-top freezer bags Aluminum pans Vacuum Sealer Glass bowls, jars and pans Wrap One of main food packaging material is plastics. It leads to less food wastage by preserving the fresh flavors and significantly extends the shelf life ("Plastic Packaging for Frozen Food Yields Less Waste", 2017). It also reduces food spoilage. If lightweight and thin plastic packaging is used, it helps with less packaging waste and preserves its freshness. The wrap food packaging is used to insulate the food from the cold air. This packaging is useful for bread and meat or fish. The zip-top freezer bags are useful for short time usage and it saves more space. The aluminum pans are super convenient and it easily assembles and wraps the frozen foods. The glass jars and bowls is used to maintain good condition for a longer duration. The vacuum sealer is the best method for extending the shelf-life packaging of such food and it eliminates the condensation risks. It is an excellent method for packaging the frozen food ("The Best Types of Packaging for Freezing Food", 2017). Some frozen foods require packaging machines and labor, reliability, technical and management maintenance. Types of packaging machines are listed below: Vacuum packaging machines Wrapping machines Check weighing machines and more. Critique Freezing is one of the most widely used technique for the purpose of food preservation. This method is very useful. Because it does not change the taste and structure of the food. It keeps the food in good nutritional value when compared to any other technique. So, the frozen food also has high quality raw ingredients. Thus, this frozen food has good impact on food industry (Dr. Mary Jane Brown, 2017). Critiques on Taking Decision The frozen food are good when compared to stored food, because the stored foods are unhealthy to the human body. It produces many health issues when compared to frozen food. Frozen food packaging is very good and hygienic (Bhattacharya, Langstaff Berzonsky, 2003). Packaging is done by the machine that follows filling, freezing, transportation and cooking, which is also wholly done by the machines. Frozen foods are basically cooked in the microwave oven. Why frozen foods are important? The frozen foods has many benefits that most of the people prefer it. It includes, Basically, frozen food do not require any added preservatives in order to keep the food in a safe mode. It is a natural form of preservation (Fulgoni, Comerford Krumhar, 2014). It is more convenient, because frozen materials are easy to cook and serve. Frozen foods are easily available because, they are never out of season and can make use of it anytime. It achieves both the quality and consistency. Thus, it always has high standards of quality. Frozen vegetables and fruits are more reliable and fresh. It is fast convenient and available. It freezes the vitamins at the point of harvest. It has high nutritional values, thus it can maintain your diet in a good level. Moreover, watch out for the sodium content level in the frozen food. By checking this sodium level, you can avoid eating additives. It helps people to stay away from the health risks ("Create Your Own Frozen Dinners", 2017). Frozen foods are mostly liked by the working people because, they dont have more time to prepare food using raw veggies and other ingredients. By using frozen food materials, people can cook tasty food quickly. So, they always prefer frozen food. By making use of frozen materials people can also save extra money. It is easily available in the market. Most of the working people who stay in hostels love it. They always rely on frozen foods to prepare meals quickly. It always keeps its nutritional value in stable and projectable market price ("Why Frozen Foods? | National Frozen Foods", 2017). To analyze the overall marketing mix 4Ps referring the price, product, place and production must be analyzed. These mixes influences the consumer DM process of the frozen foods. So this analyses helps the consumer to buy healthy product. In comparison of fresh foods with frozen foods, fresh vegetables and fruits are the healthiest food that can be consumed. It has vitamins, antioxidants, minerals which improves the health of the human body. These fruits and vegetables help to protect against the disease. But, the fresh foods are not always available and the frozen varieties are always convenient and they are used as an alternative for the fresh foods. However, the nutritive value of the frozen food is low while compared with the fresh foods. But, the frozen foods and vegetables are healthy and they have more vitamins and cancer fighting antioxidants (Dillner, 2017). Recommendations It is recommended to improve the diet plan options and reduce the risk of food poisoning. Nowadays, the frozen meal is growing to be popular among people. More number of respondents for the frozen meal were among the professionals and the middle aged house wives. The respondents and the frequent users of the frozen meals are hardly aware of the causes of consuming frozen meals, thus misleads the consumers ("Frozen foods: Healthy or unhealthy? | Latest News Updates at Daily News Analysis", 2017). There are about more number of techniques for freezing the food items. According to the observation made, the fact is that, the frozen food can be kept in the storage for longer duration than the fresh food items. This is one of the reason for the people to prefer more frozen food items. The second close reason is that, the frozen meals are more convenient. The frozen meals have become the part of peoples life. But, the frozen fruits and vegetables have more nutrition content than the normal fruits and vegetables. The frozen meals can be taken as an alternative for the fresh meals. They are healthier as they have more nutrient content. It is good to buy frozen fruits and vegetables and it is also recommended for more nutrients. Fruits and vegetables which enriches the health of the people. These are affordable and are good for gaining nutrients, vitamins for a healthy living. The most important benefit is that, the people can get rid of health issues. In order to be safe and lead a healthy life, decreasing the intake of unhealthy food is necessary. Definitely, it does makes improvements and assures in improving the peoples health ("Fresh vs frozen food: Which is best?", 2017). Conclusions The frozen food is precooked and it dont require any preparation. It just requires to be heated and is ready to consume. Consuming frozen food is based on the personal health choices. The benefit of frozen foods is, that it reduces the possibility of undercooking and cooking time. It also possess certain risks in preservation and freezing methods of the food. To make the frozen food healthy, it is better to serve it with fruits and vegetables or salad. It is good to avoid buying the frozen food which contains cheese sauce. Because, it has high calories and saturated fats. The frozen foods which are packed in syrup should be avoided and it is important to check the food labels to avoid consuming sodium, which is more than 600mg. Fresh fruits and vegetables are picked before they get ripped. But, they give all the minerals, vitamins and natural antioxidants. But, the frozen fruits and vegetables are picked at the peak of their ripeness and they contain more nutrition. Frozen fruits con tain more Vitamin C. Freshly picked vegetables and fruits are directly taken from the garden and they have high quality. The frozen fruits and vegetables which are shopped from the super market might be equivalent to the fresh food, and in some cases they might have more nutrition when compared to fresh foods. Frozen food and vegetables are cost effective and they are also convenient to use. It is also best to choose the mix of fresh and frozen foods to get best nutrients. Fresh food is not always better than the frozen food, because it is based on the quality of the product. When the organic fruits and vegetables are not available then the frozen organic food is the better alternative, moreover they are inexpensive. When it is hard to have the availability of fresh products, then frozen food varieties is a good alternative. The packaging and disposal process of the frozen meal are also analyzed. References Bhattacharya, M., Langstaff, T., Berzonsky, W. (2003). Effect of frozen storage and freezethaw cycles on the rheological and baking properties of frozen doughs.Food Research International,36(4), 365-372. C, A., C, A. (2017).5 Unexpected Side Effects Of Frozen Food.STYLECRAZE. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/unexpected-side-effects-of-frozen-food/#gref Create Your Own Frozen Dinners. (2017).SparkPeople. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/nutrition_articles.asp?id=762 Dillner, L. (2017). Are frozen fruit and vegetables as good for you as fresh?. the Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/may/01/are-frozen-fruit-and-vegetables-as-good-for-you-as-fresh Dr. Mary Jane Brown, R. (2017). Fresh vs Frozen Fruit and Vegetables - Which are Healthier?. Authority Nutrition. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://authoritynutrition.com/fresh-vs-frozen-fruit-and-vegetables/ Erin Coleman, L. (2017). Fresh Foods vs. Frozen Foods. LoveToKnow. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://diet.lovetoknow.com/nutrition-he ... ozen-foods Foods?, W. (2017).What Are The Health Risks Associated With Frozen Foods?.CureJoy. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://india.curejoy.com/content/are-frozen-foods-bad-for-you/ Fresh vs frozen food: Which is best?. (2017). bodyandsoulau. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/nutrition/nutrition-tips/fresh-vs-frozen-food-which-is-best/news-story/f8775525e1c11a7273289755053259fb Frozen Foods: Are They Good For You?. (2017).HealthStatus. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.healthstatus.com/health_blog/wellness/frozen-foods-are-they-good-for-you/ Frozen foods: Healthy or unhealthy? | Latest News Updates at Daily News Analysis. (2017).dna. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-frozen-foods-healthy-or-unhealthy-1876748 Frozen Foods: How Healthy are They?. (2017).Womenfitness.net. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.womenfitness.net/frozenfoods_healthy.htm Frozen vs. Fresh? Which Vegetables Are Best. (2017). Greatist. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://greatist.com/health/frozen-vs-fresh-which-vegetables-are-best# Fulgoni, V., Comerford, K., Krumhar, K. (2014). Consumption of Frozen Meals as Compared to Quick Service Restaurant Meals Is Associated with Better Nutrient Intakes in Adult Participants of The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2010).Journal Of The Academy Of Nutrition And Dietetics,114(9), A48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.150 K, N. (2017). The Disadvantages of Frozen Foods.Livestrong.Com. Retrieved from https://www.livestrong.com/article/477762-the-disadvantages-of-frozen-foods/ Karen Collins, R. (2017).Should you defrost your diet?.msnbc.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.nbcnews.com/id/11992264/ns/health-fitness/t/should-you-defrost-your-diet/#.WYAaM4SGO1s Myth or Fact: Fresh Produce Is More Nutritious Than Frozen Produce / Nutrition / Healthy Eating. (2017). Fitday.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/myth-or-fact-fresh-produce-is-more-nutritious-than-frozen-produce.html Plastic Packaging for Frozen Food Yields Less Waste. (2017).Plastics Make It Possible. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.plasticsmakeitpossible.com/plastics-at-home/food/prep-storage/frozen-food-plastic-packaging-less-food-packaging-waste/ sudipa, Seaman, J. (2017).6 Shocking Side Effects Of Frozen Foods In Your Diet | DIY Health Remedy.Diyhealthremedy.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.diyhealthremedy.com/6-shocking-side-effects-of-frozen-foods-in-your-diet/ The Best Types of Packaging for Freezing Food. (2017).Kitchn. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.thekitchn.com/the-best-types-of-packaging-for-freezing-food-love-your-freezer-215974 Time Limits for Frozen Food. (2017).Lifehacker.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://lifehacker.com/313245/time-limits-for-frozen-food What is "Fresh Frozen" Food? - CulinaryLore.com. (2017). Culinarylore.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.culinarylore.com/food-law:what-is-fresh-frozen-food Why fresh food is better than frozen. (2017).Washington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/why-fresh-food-is-better-than-frozen/2012/07/17/gJQAYsukrW_story.html?utm_term=.f1cfba2f07a3 Why Frozen Foods? | National Frozen Foods. (2017).Nffc.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.nffc.com/why-frozen-foods Yes, frozen food IS nutritious, experts insist. (2017). Mail Online. Retrieved 1 August 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-4444018/Yes-frozen-food-nutritious-experts-insist.html

When does life begin Essay Example For Students

When does life begin Essay Three Perspectives on When Life BeginsSubject: Where does life begin? That is the age-old question. The decision that legalized the right to an abortion in all 50 states and sparked a political debate that remains charged to this day. Topic: Many questions surround abortion. What really makes someone human? Sub Topics: a) Some suggest life begins when the soul is created. b) Others advocate it is when the child is capable of giving and receiving love. c) Some suggest that life begins at conception. In this paper I will argue the validity of each of these issues. Topic A: Some have tried to find an answer in a religious belief, such as suggesting that human life begins when the soul is created. Others object that such answers cannot be used as a basis for law, because that would be a violation of separation of church and state. . There is a far bigger problem with such a definition of life. In the essay, When Does Life Begin?, Jay Johansen says, the soul definition, this one may be ph ilosophically interesting but is of little practical use, as it is not at all clear how we could determine when someone first becomes conscious. The author means that no one knows when the soul is created, and it is difficult to see how we could find out. If someday, someone invented some kind of machine that could detect and measure a soul, this might become a useful definition. Until then, it can only be a subject for speculation. We will write a custom essay on When does life begin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Topic B: Or consider human life begins when one is capable of giving and receiving love. Dr Schwarz argues, Imagine a case of two children. One is born comatose and he will remain so until the age of nine. The other is healthy at birth, but as soon as she achieves the concept of a continuing self for a brief time, she too lapses into a coma from which she will not emerge until she is nine. Can anyone seriously hold that the second child is a person with a right to life, while the first child is not? The argument gives support to the fact that because the first child cannot perform the act of love that does not make him inhuman. There are many unloved people in the world: refugees, the homeless, and minorities. Would you say that because these people have suffered misfortune or oppression, that that makes them no longer human, and no longer entitled to human rights? Suppose a man was accused of murdering his wife, and in court he admitted that he had done it. He explained that he didn t love her anymore. He figured that as she was unloved, she was useless and had no right to live. If you were the judge, would you accept such a defense? It is surely a tragedy if a person is unloved and unwanted, but that does not make them any less human. Topic C: Can we point to one event as being truly unique? Is there one magic moment? Some time when we can really say that before that point, you did not exist, but after that point, you did? No discussion of a persons state of mind, or how others feel about them, has anything to do with that persons essential humanness. It seems, then, that the question of when human life begins is not really a religious, moral, or philosophical question at all, but a scientific one. Medical science has given us that answer. The magic moment is conception. It is at that moment that the unique combination of chromosomes that define you first came into existence. Before conception that blueprint did not exist anywhere, after conception it did. Fro m that point on your body grew and developed, but unless you get an organ transplant or some such artificial addition nothing new is added except food, fluids, and oxygen. The issue is not when does human life begin, but rather when does the life of every human being begin, according to Dr. Dianne Irving, author of When Do Human Beings Being? The author is saying that fertilization of the egg by the sperm creates a human being. Scientifically, biologically, and medically, life begins at conception. .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 , .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .postImageUrl , .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 , .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:hover , .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:visited , .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:active { border:0!important; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:active , .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11 .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e65f6cb05895d81c65feb07c98b8d11:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay PaperIt is past time for the nation to develop policies that make abortions less necessary and improve reproductive health. Our nation must commit resources to prevent unintended pregnancy by promoting sexuality education, family planning and healthy childbearing. Along with better education, women need to learn to say no. It could be that simple to end the need for a paper on this topic. If a person, adult or not, performs an adult role, that person should have to live with the consequences. I cannot think of any other adult situation that provides a way to erase it. Can you?Bibliography:Work CitedEggebroten, Anne, ed. Abortion: My Choice, Gods Grace: Christian Women Tell Their Stories. Pasedena: Hope Publishing House, 1994. Hadley, Janet. Abortion: Between Freedom and Necessity. Temple: Temple UP1998. Irving, Dianne. When Do Human Beings Begin? American BioethicsAdvisory Commission. 1999. (27 April 2000). Jasper, William F. The Survivors. The New American. 17 Jan 2000(2 May 2000). Johansen, Jay. When Does Human Life Begin? Rev 2/1997.(25 April 2000). Leo, John. Litmus Test, Slippery Slopes. US News World Report. 26 Jan 1998(2 May 2000). McDonagh, Eileen L., Breaking the Abortion Deadlock: From Choice to Consent. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Schwarz, Stephen. Is Being in the Womb Being a Person? The Moral Question ofAbortion. 1990. (23 April 2000). Work CitedEggebroten, Anne, ed. Abortion: My Choice, Gods Grace: Christian Women Tell Their Stories. Pasedena: Hope Publishing House, 1994. Hadley, Janet. Abortion: Between Freedom and Necessity. Temple: Temple UP1998. Irving, Dianne. When Do Human Beings Begin? American BioethicsAdvisory Commission. 1999. (27 April 2000). Jasper, William F. The Survivors. The New American. 17 Jan 2000(2 May 2000). Johansen, Jay. When Does Human Life Begin? Rev 2/1997.(25 April 2000). Leo, John. Litmus Test, Slippery Slopes. US News ; World Report. 26 Jan 1998(2 May 2000). McDonagh, Eileen L., Breaking the Abortion Deadlock: From Choice to Consent. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Schwarz, Stephen. Is Being in the Womb Being a Person? The Moral Question ofAbortion. 1990. (23 April 2000).